Thursday, 6 February 2014

What were Hitler's main stages of expansion?

Hitler's expansionist claims began even before the onset of World War II with the Rhineland, a territory that Hitler remilitarized in violation of the Treaty of Locarno in March 1936. Both Britain and France condemned his actions but neither intervened. Hitler next aimed his focus on Austria and targeted the population with a storm of propaganda about Austria's intimate connection to the Third Reich. When German troops entered the country in March 1938, the population greeted them warmly and the country was promptly incorporated into the Reich in an action known as the Anschluss (annexation). Hitler's third prewar conquest was the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia with a large German population. In 1938, Hitler threatened war if the Sudetenland was not ceded to Germany. British, French, Italian and German—but notably not Czechoslovakian—leaders met at Munich in September 1938, and it was agreed that Germany would annex the Sudetenland in exchange for peace. By March 1939, Hitler had grown impatient and violated the Munich Agreement by invading the whole of Czechoslovakia. While the Sudetenland remained part of the Reich and Slovakia became a rump Nazi state, the Czech lands turned into a Protectorate region.

Hitler's invasion and then occupation of Poland sparked World War II. Germany and their then-ally the Soviet Union divided Polish territory into two parts. Hitler then divided the German portion into two further sections, the western one annexed to the Reich and the eastern one established as the General Government. By mid-1940, Hitler's territorial aims had turned west, capturing Denmark and Norway and then Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. In March 1941, Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece before turning towards the Soviet Union, whose alliance with Hitler had disintegrated during the course of the war. Hitler managed to capture the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) but his Russian campaign suffered as the winter months dragged on and the German military lagged. The German army reached Stalingrad but was unable to sustain a stronghold in Soviet territory. Regardless of the fact that the tide of war had begun to turn against Hitler, his territorial ambitions remained strong from 1942–44, and he succeeded in invading northern Italy and Albania and then formally occupied Hungary and Slovakia.

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